package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	in := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
	var t int
	fmt.Fscan(in, &t)
	for ; t > 0; t-- {
		var n int
		fmt.Fscan(in, &n)
		c := make([]int64, n+1)
		for i := 1; i <= n; i++ {
			fmt.Fscan(in, &c[i])
		}
		var ans int64 = c[1]
		for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
			diff := c[i+1] - c[i]
			if diff > 0 {
				ans += diff
			}
		}
		fmt.Println(ans - 1)
	}
}