package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	in := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
	out := bufio.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
	defer out.Flush()

	var t int
	if _, err := fmt.Fscan(in, &t); err != nil {
		return
	}

	for tc := 0; tc < t; tc++ {
		var n int
		fmt.Fscan(in, &n)

		a := make([]int64, n)
		var S int64
		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
			fmt.Fscan(in, &a[i])
			S += a[i]
		}

		ans := S
		var minVL int64 = 2e18
		var P int64 = 0

		for i := 1; i <= n; i++ {
			VL := int64(i)*int64(i) - int64(i) - P
			if VL < minVL {
				minVL = VL
			}

			P += a[i-1]

			VR := int64(i)*int64(i) + int64(i) - P

			cand := S + VR - minVL
			if cand > ans {
				ans = cand
			}
		}
		fmt.Fprintln(out, ans)
	}
}